Mikroorganisma bakteria virus sista

section A. Figure 5. Acanthamoeba has been isolated froetm natural environments, man-made environments and clinical stings.

        

Acanthamoeba
Phase contrast micrograph of anAcanthamoeba polyphaga cyst.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Amoebozoa
Family:	Acanthamoebidae
Genus:	Acanthamoeba

Acanthamoeba is a genus of amoebae, one of the most common protozoa in soil, and frequently found in fresh water and other habitats. The cells are small, usually 15 to 35 μm in length and oval to triangular in shape when moving. Acanthamoeba is able to form metabolically inactive cysts which are resistant to fluctuations in temperature and pH levels. Cysts are also resistant to attack by the host immune system and facilitate the recurrence of infection. Most species are free-living bacterivores, but some are opportunists that can cause infections in humans and other animals.

 

Aeromonas hydrophila
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Kingdom:	Proteobacteria
Phylum:	Gammaproteobacteria
Class:	Aeromonadales
Genus:	Aeromonas
Species:	A. hydrophila
Binomial name
Aeromonas hydrophila (Chester, 1901) Stanier, 1943
Synonyms
Bacillus hydrophilus fuscus Sanarelli 1871 Bacillus hydrophilus Chester 1901 Proteus hydrophilus (Chester 1901) Bergey et al. 1923 Bacterium hydrophilum (Chester 1901) Weldin and Levine 1923 Pseudomonas hydrophila (Chester 1901) Breed et al. 1948

Aeromonas hydrophila is a heterotrophic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium mainly found in areas with a warm climate. This bacterium can be found in fresh or brackish water. It can survive in aerobic and anaerobic environments, and can digest materials such asgelatin and hemoglobin. Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated from humans and animals in the 1950s. It is the most well known of the six species of Aeromonas. It is resistant to most common antibiotics and cold temperatures.

Campylobacter jejuni
Scanning electron micrograph of C. jejunidemonstrating the chracteristic curved rod shape of the organism
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Epsilon Proteobacteria
Order:	Campylobacterales
Family:	Campylobacteraceae
Genus:	Campylobacter
Species:	C. jejuni
Binomial name
Campylobacter jejuni (Jones et al. 1931) Veron & Chatelain 1973

Campylobacter jejuni is a species of bacteria commonly found in animal feces. It is a curved, helical-shaped, non-spore forming,Gram-negative, microaerophilic bacteria.^[1][2][3] It is one of the most common causes of human gastroenteritis in the world. Food poisoning caused by Campylobacter species can be severely debilitating, but is rarely life-threatening. It has been linked with subsequent development of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), which usually develops two to three weeks after the initial illness.^[4]

Cryptosporidium parvum
Immunofluorescence image of C. parvumoocysts.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Chromalveolata
Phylum:	Apicomplexa
Class:	Conoidasida
Subclass:	Coccidiasina
Order:	Eucoccidiorida
Family:	Cryptosporidiidae
Genus:	Cryptosporidium
Species:	C. parvum
Binomial name
Cryptosporidium parvum

Cryptosporidium parvum is one of several protozoal species that cause cryptosporidiosis, a parasitic disease of the mammalianintestinal tract.

Primary symptoms of C. parvum infection are acute, watery, and non-bloody diarrhoea. C. parvum infection is of particular concern inimmunocompromised patients, where diarrhoea can reach 10–15L per day. Other symptoms may include anorexia, nausea/vomiting andabdominal pain. Extra-intestinal sites include the lung, liver and gall bladder where it causes respiratory cryptosporidosis, hepatitis and cholecystitis.^{[1][not in citation given]}

Infection is caused by ingestion of sporulated oocysts transmitted by the faecal-oral route. In healthy human hosts, the median infective dose is 132 oocysts.^[2] The general C. parvum life cycle is shared by other members of the genus. Invasion of the apical tip of ilealenterocytes by sporozoites and merozoites causes pathology seen in the disease.

Infection is generally self-limiting in immunocompetent people. In immunocompromised patients, such as those with AIDS or those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, infection may not be self-limiting, leading to dehydration and, in severe cases, death.

The diagnosis of C. parvum consists of serological tests and microscopic evaluation of oocysts in stools using Kinyoun acid-fast staining.

C. parvum is considered to be the most important waterborne pathogen in developed countries. The protozoa also caused the largest waterborne-disease outbreak ever documented in the United States, making 403,000 people ill in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1993. ^[3] It is resistant to all practical levels of chlorination, surviving for 24hrs at 1000 mg/L free chlorine. It is an obligate intracellular pathogen.^[4]

Malaria
Pengelasan dan sumber luaran
Plasmodium falciparum ring-forms and gametocytes in human blood.
ICD-10	B50.
ICD-9	084
OMIM	248310
P. Data Penyakit	7728
MedlinePlus	000621
eMedicine	med/1385 emerg/305ped/1357
MeSH	C03.752.250.552
Penafian perubatan

Malaria adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh parasit protozoa yang paling biasa di dunia, iaitu plasmodium yang menyumbang kepada lebih kurang 3 juta kes dan 1.5 hingga 2.7 juta kematian setiap tahun. Ia disebarkan oleh nyamuk betina genus Anopheles(nyamuk tiruk), terutamanya Anopheles sundaicus di Asia dan An. gambiae di Afrika. Ramai orang mendapat malaria semasa mengembara ke negara-negara tropika atau subtropika. Malaria berlaku di kebanyakan bahagian sub Sahara Arika, Asia Tenggaradan Selatan, Mexico, Haiti, Amerika Tengah dan Selatan, Papua New Guinea dan Kepulauan Solomon.

Malaria merupakan penyakit berjangkit bawaan vektor yang disebabkan oleh parasit protozoa. Ia meluas di kawasan tropika dan subtropika, termasuk sebahagian dari Amerika, Asia, dan Afrika. Setiap tahun ia menyebabkan penyakit pada sekitar 650 juta orang dan membunuh antara satu hingga tiga juta, kebanyakannya kanak-kanak di Sub-Sahara Afrika. Malaria biasanya dikaitkan dengan kemiskinan, tetapi turut merupakan punca kemiskinan dan penghalang utama kepada pembangunan ekonomi.

Malaria merupakan salah satu penyakit berjangkit biasa dan masaalah kesihatan umum yang besar. Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh parasit protozoa dari genus Plasmodium. Bentuk penyakit ini yang paling serious disebabkan oleh Plasmodium falciparum danPlasmodium vivax, tetapi spesies berkait yang lain seperti (Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, dan kadang-kala Plasmodium knowlesi) turut mampu menjangkiti manusia. Kumpulan pathogenic manusia spesies Plasmodium ini dirujuk sebagai parasit malaria.

Cyclospora cayetanensis
Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Chromalveolata
Superphylum:	Alveolata
Phylum:	Apicomplexa
Class:	Conoidasida
Subclass:	Coccidiasina
Order:	Eucoccidiorida
Suborder:	Eimeriorina
Family:	Eimeriidae
Genus:	Cyclospora
Species:	C. cayetanensis
Binomial name
Cyclospora cayetanensis

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a protozoan that causes disease in humans, and perhaps primates. It has been linked in the United Statesto fecally contaminated imported raspberries and was virtually unknown before about 1990, but has been on the rise since. The health risk associated with the disease is usually confined to adult foreigners visiting regions where the species is endemic and acquiring the infection: this is why C. cayetanensis has been labeled as causing "traveler's diarrhea."

Telur ascaris lumbricoides

Nematod
Cacing gelang yang tidak dikenalpasti dari tanah basah. Mulutnya di sudut kiri atas.
Pengelasan saintifik
Alam:	Animalia
Filum:	Nematoda
Kelas
Chromadorea (dipertikai) Enoplea (dipertikai) Secernentea and see text
Sinonim
Adenophorea (see text) Aphasmidia Nematoidea Rudolphi, 1808 Nematodes Burmeister, 1837 Nemates Cobb, 1919 Nemata Cobb, 1919

Cacing Gelang (Filum Nematoda) adalah salah satu filum dalam alam haiwan yang paling pelbagai. Spesies cacing gelang atau Nematod amat sukar dibezakan, dengan 28,000 spesies berlainan telah diterangkan. ^[1]lebih 16,000 ialah parasit. Dianggarkan jumlah bilangan spesies nematod mungkin kira-kira 1,000,000.^[2] Tidak seperti cnidaria atau cacing pipih, cacing gelang mempunyai sistem pencernaan seperti tiub dengan terbuka di kedua-dua hujung.

Cacing Gelang terdapat dalam air tawar, air masin, dan persekitaran darat, di mana mereka sering melebihi bilangan haiwan lain dari segi bilangan dan jumlah spesies. Tambahan lagi, terdapat banyak bentuk parasit, termasuk pantogen dalam tumbuhan dan haiwan, termasuk manusia.

Telur taenia solium

Taenia
Cacing Taenia saginata dewasa
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Platyhelminthes Kelas: Cestoda Ordo: Cyclophyllidea Famili: Taeniidae Genus: Taenia Linnaeus, 1758
Spesies
Taenia crassiceps Taenia pisiformis Taenia saginata Taenia solium Taenia asiatica Taenia taeniaeformis

Taenia merupakan salah satu marga cacing pita yang termasuk dalam Kerajaan Animalia, Filum Platyhelminthes, Kelas Cestoda, BangsaCyclophyllidea, Suku Taeniidae. ^[1] Anggota-anggotanya dikenal sebagai parasit vertebrata penting yang menginfeksi manusia, babi, sapi, dan kerbau. ^[1]

Terdapat tiga spesies penting cacing pita Taenia, yaitu Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, dan Taenia asiatica. ^[2][3] Ketiga spesies Taenia ini dianggap penting karena dapat menyebabkan penyakit pada manusia, yang dikenal dengan istilah taeniasis dan sistiserkosis.^[2]. Adapun perbedaan antarspesiescacing pita Taenia dapat dilihat pada Tabel 1 di bawah ini.

Tabel 1. Perbedaan antara Taenia solium, Taenia saginata dan Taenia asiatica

No.	Keterangan	Taenia solium [1][4]	Taenia saginata [1][4]	Taenia asiatica [5]
1	Inang definitif danhabitat	Usus halus manusia	Usus halus manusia	Usus halus manusia
2	Inang antara	Babi dan manusia	Sapi (utama), kambing,domba	Babi (utama), sapi
3	Nama tahap larva	Cysticercus cellulosae	Cysticercus bovis	Cysticercus t.s. taiwanensis
4	Ukuran panjang xlebar	(3-8)x 0,01 meter	(4-15) x 0,01 meter	4-8 meter
5	Jumlah segmen	700-1000	1000-2000	712
6	Jumlah telur	30.000-50.000 di setiap segmen	lebih dari 100.000 di setiap segmen

Endolimax 

Endolimax
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryote
Kingdom:	Amoebozoa
Phylum:	Archamoebae
Genus:	Endolimax

Endolimax is a genus of amoebozoa^[1] that are found in the intestines of various animals, including the species E. nana found in humans. Originally thought to be non-pathogenic, studies suggest it can cause intermittent or chronic diarrhea.^[2][3] Additionally, it is very significant in medicine because it can provide false positives for other tests, notably the similar species Entamoeba histolytica, the pathogen responsible for amoebic dysentery, and because its presence indicates the host has consumed fecal material. It forms cysts with four nuclei which excyst in the body and become trophozoites. Endolimax nana nuclei have a large endosome somewhat off-center and small amounts of visible chromatin or none at all.

Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba histolytica cyst
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Phylum:	Amoebozoa
Class:	Archamoebae
Order:	Amoebida
Genus:	Entamoeba
Species:	E. histolytica
Binomial name
Entamoeba histolytica Schaudinn, 1903

Entamoeba histolytica is an anaerobic parasitic protozoan, part of the genus Entamoeba.^[1] Predominantly infecting humans and other primates, E. histolytica is estimated to infect about 50 million people worldwide. Previously, it was thought that 10% of the world population was infected, but these figures predate the recognition that at least 90% of these infections were due to a second species,E. dispar.^[2] Mammals such as dogs and cats can become infected transiently, but are not thought to contribute significantly to transmission.

Escherichia coli
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Kingdom:	Eubacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Gammaproteobacteria
Order:	Enterobacteriales
Family:	Enterobacteriaceae
Genus:	Escherichia
Species:	E. coli
Binomial name
Escherichia coli (Migula 1895) Castellani and Chalmers 1919
Synonyms
Bacillus coli communis Escherich 1885